Summary
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Regulation of beat
frequency by intracellular Ca2+
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Recording techniques with high temporal and spatial resolution
are recommend for quantifying ciliary beat frequency and [Ca2+]i.
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Ca2+-induced increases in ciliary beat frequency
occur very rapidly and closely follow the increase in [Ca2+]i.
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Ciliary beat frequency begins to increase at a threshold [Ca2+]i
of about 150 nM.
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Maximal increases in ciliary beat frequency are induced by
transient changes of ~300 nM Ca2+.
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Decreases in ciliary beat frequency occur more slowly and
significantly lag behind decreases in [Ca2+]i.
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Local increases in [Ca2+]i can
locally control ciliary beat frequency.
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The regulation of CBF by
ATP/UTP
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Extracellular ATP induces a large and rapid increase in [Ca2+]i
and ciliary beat frequency.
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A sustained increase in [Ca2+]i is not
required to maintain an elevated ciliary beat frequency.
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Higher beat frequencies were induced by lower peak [Ca2+]i
associated with Ca2+ oscillations.
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Higher frequency Ca2+ oscillations produced more
stable elevations in ciliary beat frequency.
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Airway ciliary beat frequency is regulated by
frequency-modulated Ca2+ signaling.
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ATP released by epithelial cells may locally regulate airway
ciliary activity.
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